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 论文编号：
org200807152142317706 |
| 论文属性：
essay |
| 论文语言：English |
| 论文国家：U.K. |
| 登出日期： 2008-07-15 |
| 字数： 3469 |
| 源程序：
无 |
| 价格：
免费论文 |
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| 论文大纲，目录 |
| 关键词搜索：Cultural Differences International Marketing essay |
. Finally, rule-based conduct has a tendency to resist exceptions that might weaken that rule. There is a fear that once you start to make exceptions for illegal conduct the system will collapse.
Particularist judgments focus on the exceptional nature of present circumstances. This person is not a citizen but my friend, brother, husband, child or person of unique importance to me, with special claims on my love or my hatred. I must therefore sustain, protect or discount this person no matter what the rules say.
Business people from both societies will tend to think each other corrupt. A universalist will say of particularists they cannot be trusted because they will always help their friends; a particularist, conversely, will say of universalists you cannot trust them; they would not even help a friend. (The European Commission in Brussels is a continuing example of this dilemma.)
In practice we use both kinds of judgement, and in most situations we encounter they reinforce each other. If a female employee is harassed in the workplace we would disapprove of this because harassment is immoral and against company rules and/or because it was a terrible experience for Jennifer and really upset her. The universalists chief objection, though, will be the breach of rules: women should not have to deal with harassment in the workplace; it is wrong. The particularist is likely to be more disapproving because of the distress it caused to poor Jennifer.
Universalist versus p英语论文网 【http://www.51lunwen.org】articularist in different cultures
Much of the research into this cultural dimension has come from America, and is influenced by American cultural preferences. The emerging consensus among these researchers is that universalism is a feature of modernisation per se what happens when societies become more modern and complex. Particularism, they argue, is a feature of smaller, largely rural communities in which everyone knows everyone personally. The implication is that universalism and sophisticated business practice go together and all nations might be better if they more closely resembled America.
I do not accept this conclusion. Instead, I believe that cultural dilemmas need to be reconciled by understanding the advantages of each cultural preference. The creation of wealth and the development of industry should be an evolving process of discovering more and better universals covering and sustaining more particular cases and circumstances.
The following story, created by two Americans, Stouffer and Toby, is an exercise used in our workshops with international managers. It takes the form of a dilemma that measures universal and particularist responses:
You are riding in a car driven by a close friend. He hits a pedestrian. You know he was going at least 35 miles per hour in an area of the city where the maximum allowed speed is 20 miles per hour. There are no witnesses. His lawyer says that if you testify under oath that he was only driving 20 miles per hour it ma
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